Techniques to Enhance Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Increasing lifetime in wireless sensor networks is a major challenge because the nodes are equipped with low power battery. For increasing the lifetime of the sensor nodes energy efficient routing is one solution which minimizes maintenance cost and maximizes the overall performance of the nodes. In this paper, different energy efficient routing techniques are discussed. Here, photovoltaic cell for efficient power management in wireless sensor networks is also discussed which are developed to increase the lifetime of the nodes. Efficient battery usage techniques and discharge characteristics are then described which enhance the operational battery lifetime

Performance Analysis of Various Routing Protocols in 3D Body Architecture using Qualnet in WBSN

Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) is a connectionless architecture used to monitor health of a patient or an athlete. Various routing strategies have been proposed to increase the network lifetime. In this work, we have compared some well known ad-hoc network routing protocols like DYMO, DSR, ZRP and LAR1 in WBSN. WBSN works in a small area like Bluetooth or Zigbee. Few gateway nodes are also considered to route the traffic. The simulations have been performed using Qualnet 6.1. Various parameters like jitter, throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio has been used for comparison. Results revealed that ZRP have least end to end delay (0.2) and jitter (0.1), but have low throughput i.e. 2362 b/s as compared to DYMO and DSR i.e. 2752 b/s and 3026 b/s

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL BAND CPW FED ANTENNA FOR WLAN AND WIFI APPLICATIONS

A dual band coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna is constructed, analyzed, and designed for WLAN and WiFi applications in this paper. The antenna has a compact size of 25 × 25 × 1.5 mm3. The antenna structure comprises of a slotted radiating patch over FR4 substrate surrounded by staircase shaped ground plane. As part of the analysis of the characteristics parameters such as the return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern, HFSS 11.1 is utilized. There is a resonance at two frequencies of 3.3 GHz and 5.82 GHz, with an upper frequency bandwidth of 1.89 GHz. In addition to the antenna design, measurement results are presented. Mobile handheld devices can use the proposed antenna for WLAN and WiFi applications that operate in ISM bands

Delay Tolerant Energy Efficient protocol for Inter-BAN Communication in Mobile Body Area Networks

Body Area Networks (BANs) are used in a range of applications. In these networks the sensor nodes attached to human body collect data and send it to controller node which in turn sends to a Base Station (BS) located at a remote location. The controller nodes in a BAN can be replaced easily but when it comes to BANs moving in areas like a war it is hard to replace the batteries frequently. So we need to reduce energy requirement of the nodes to increase the network lifetime. Using mobile sensors is one way to reduce energy and controller nodes can send data to sink easily while performing inter-BAN communication where nodes need to act in a cooperative manner to send data to BS using multi-hop communication. In this paper, we have proposed a new clustering algorithm in which probability of a node to become a Cluster Head (CH) is decided on the basis of its geographical location and residual energy of the node. Simulations results show that the proposed protocol is better than the existing EDDEEC protocol in terms of delay, energy efficiency, reliability and network lifetime.

Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach for Routing in Underwater Acoustic Communication, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2017, nr 1

nderwater Wireless Sensor Networks are deployed to explore the world under the water, measure different parameters and communicate the data to the surface, in the widespread applications. The main operating technology of these networks is the acoustic communication. The communication among the sensors and finally to the surface station requires a routing protocol. The sensors being battery limited and unfeasible to be replaced under the water requires an energy efficient routing protocol. Clustering imparted in routing is an energy saving technique in sensor networks. The routing may involve single or multi hop communication in the sensor networks. The paper gives a comparative study of the benchmark protocol multi-hop LEACH with the proposed Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach (SHEENA) for the shallow as well as deep water in three dimensional Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. The network energy model for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is based among the different acoustic channel characteristics. The proposed approach is found to give better response